Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 3038 Words

Through the Glass What does it mean to tear apart our past for the sake of a new beginning? The answer is simple, really. It means to look through a new pair of glasses, ones that are not scratched and foggy, in order to see the world clearly. Abandon the wrongs that have plagued society and strive instead for peace and equality. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, took place during the Civil Rights Movement In the 1930’s. At the time, a lot of racism and prejudice was integrated into life as blacks became segregated from whites. Various stereotypes were formed, such as saying that blacks were dangerous, liars, and perverts, lusting for white women. In addition, they had entirely separate drinking fountains, restrooms,†¦show more content†¦Both Jem and Scout question these narrow mindsets of the people in Maycomb and whether or not it is acceptable to judge people right from the start. Slowly, Jem and Scout choose to adapt to their father, Atticus’s, noble wa ys of thinking to not judge people on rumors and appearances. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, addresses the social inequity by showing the readers that it is important to look past differences in race, reputation, and isolation and look at one another through pure, fair, and understanding eyes; only then can we finally realize what makes us equal to each other in our hearts. We should see each other for who we really are instead of believing rumors and by doing this, create a more fair society to overcome prejudice. During chapter 12 of the story, Scout and Jem go to an African American church for the first time with their maid Calpurnia. Calpurnia lives with the Finch family at home and often acts as an influence for Scout and Jem to be more open-minded as they become more exposed to racism. When they leave the church later that day, Scout asks Calpurnia why she acts so polite around whites but talks in â€Å"her nigger-talk† when she is around other colored people. Calpurnia explains to them that often times, racism inhibits black people from expressing their true emotions: Suppose you and Scout talked

Climate Change and Tourism Futures †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Climate Change and Tourism Futures. Answer: Introduction: Tourism is extremely important for the Australian economy. The reasons for tourists travelling to different parts of the world are varied and include the reasons of leisure, business as well as education. Tourism is a significant contributor to the Australian Economy. The diverse regions and landscapes of Australia provide a variety of options for the people to explore and enjoy at the same time. The unique destinations in Australia include, rainforests, coral reefs as also red deserts. The lifestyle of the people in Australia is extremely peaceful relaxed and basically outdoor. The population size of Australia being relatively smaller compared to other countries, the area being large, the tourist exploration proves blissful and a beautiful experience. Several initiatives have been taken by the tourism department of the country to increase the tourist count of the country. It can easily be said that it is a thriving industry in the Australian country. In the year 2014, the total amount of tourism spending contributed to almost three percent of the GDP of Australia. About one third of this was due to the international visitors. The demand for the international tourism in Australia has grown over the past two decades extremely strongly. The nature of the opportunities in Australia includes sunbathing, surfing as well as beach enjoyments. The regional visitation rates in Australia should increase due to the increasing demands of the international travel visits. It needs to be ensured that rates of tourist visits to Australia increase over the years and the report aims to understand the areas of tourism opportunities as well as study the possible plans that can be implemented to make Australia the favourite tourist destination in the World. Nature of Business: It is to be understood that adopting a specific policy for the improving the tourist activities is crucial for the development of the tourist industry. In this report, the type of the business which is considered is that of a travel agency or travel agent. A travel agency is actually a private retailer or even a public service which gives travel and tourism related services to the people or the international tourists (Day et al., 2012). This is done on behalf of the suppliers such as the airlines, the car rentals, hotels, cruise lines, railways. It also includes the facilities of travel insurance as well as package tours. It is the duty of the travel agent to sell transportation, lodging, as well as admission to entertainment activities to individuals as well as group planning trips. Advice can also be obtained from them on destinations, trip planning and itineraries. The agents also make travel arrangements for the clients. It is the duty of the tourism authorities to train the trav el agents so that they can provide the tourists with complete information in order to get more and more bookings and ultimate increase in the tourist count. The travel agency needs to have appropriate information on all the available hotels and tourist spots along with the modes of reaching the place along with the proper type of bookings that can be done. The information on those places where the tourists can stay is also to be kept in mind. The travel agency is the best sort of idea that should be developed in order to increase the count of the tourists in Australia. It is a sort of agency that is directly related to the tourism industry. Depending on the level of performance of the travel agents in understanding the needs and requirements of the tourists in the Australian Market and developing the marketing plans accordingly, the tourist number will increase or decrease. Type of the business: The type of the business of the travel agency includes the concept of online booking. The online booking facility is the best probable option as this is viable for all customers that is tourists, this is because, the internet connectivity helps the tourists get access to several options that are available for them to choose from (Zeng Gerritsen, 2014). The online booking facility can be made simple and easy to understand for the potential clients (Morrison Pickering, 2013). This can be done by creating a portal for the customers, preferably personalised, which provides all the necessary information to the people in terms of the best hotels according to their budget, the places of visit in a particular area, the tourist spots to be visited, the probable car rental options, the modes of public transport available, the best possible eatery options available to the customers based on their preferences and their requirements and so on. It can be said that the mode of online booking is t he best probable option for the travel agency business (Morrison, 2013). The tourism promotion is an important aspect of the tourism business in any country. Pamphlets illustrating the best areas for tour and travel in different areas can be generated and circulated among the locals, the pamphlets can be sent via mail to the customers interested in visiting a particular country as well but sometimes the pieces of paper are neglected or left and forgotten (Ruhanen Shakeela, 2013). Hence the best sort of promotion is online. Beautiful and expressive pictures need to be uploaded to the sites of the travel agencies, so that they are easily available to the prospective clients. The benefits provided by the hotels, restaurants and also the car rental companies also need to be mentioned in the websites (Parsons Schumacher, 2012). Selected cohort of tourists: The probable group of the tourists that can be selected include the baby boomers, who seek tourism as an option to spend their leisure. It can also include the young people or the newly married couples. The best possible cohort is the newly married couples who look for possible honeymoon destinations in different parts of the world. Being young, the couples look for varieties of activities during the day as well as ample scope for leisure. The best possible amalgamation of travel, rest as well as adventure activities by the beach are available in Australia for the young couples. Special honeymoon plans need to be incorporated as a part of the hotel and restaurant facilities in the country. The best offers and deals need to be highlighted during the wedding season. The honeymoon suites need to be updated with all the necessary facilities as well as the inclusion of privacy for the couples. The focus should be given to the lucrative offers and deals so as to reduce the probability of t he couples choosing any other country as their honeymoon destination (Ruhanen, Mclennan Moyle, 2013). Funding is one of the primary criteria for the booking of any major foreign trip. It needs to be ensured that the trips and the tour options on offer or the specific honeymoon deals are reasonable enough for the tourists to pay for them and arrange for proper funding. It should be kept in mind that if the tourist deals are not reasonable enough, the potential clients might be lost. It is generally seen that the tourist couples usually plan extensive as well as expensive honeymoon trips (Zeppel Beaumont, 2012). It can be said that, the people who plan honeymoon trips usually have proper funding. Funding is not an issue usually faced in case of the cohort of young couple tourists. It can be said that the funding is not a problem in this particular situation. The increased number of bookings will be possible in case of lucrative deals, better presentation and better offers. Criteria for business venture: The interest in the tourism opportunities provided will lead to more bookings which can lead to increased number of opportunities and also the bookings for trips in different parts of Australia. The areas which provide the best of scenic beauty and opportunities for outdoor activities should be highlighted in the online portals and the advertisements posted by the agency to increase the amount of viewership and also the tourist count. The business probabilities need to be increased so that the tourists find interest and book the trips as much as possible (Medlik, 2012). There are possible options or ventures that meet the possible criteria. The economic criteria need to be kept in mind while understanding the ventures. Probable options may be low cost trips in those parts of Australia which are relatively unexplored and are comparatively lesser known (Moyle et al., 2014). Other options include the trips in case of the university students in the domestic areas which are relatively low cost and are possible to be reported to the others such that the trips can be increased and can contribute to more business generation and increased income of the tourism industry (Peters Higgins-Desbiolles, 2012). The issues regarding the target of the tourism industry need to be identified. The ventures should be such that they should lead to more and more trip bookings. These ventures help the increase the total returns from tourism and the overall development from the sector of tourism. The contribution of the tourism industry to the Australian Economy is huge. The contribution in order to be maintained the impediments to the business needs to be taken care of. The proper streamline of the airline services, the uninterrupted running of the portal as also the services at the hotels and the restaurants need to be taken care of. The tourism industry needs to be upgraded and improved. Evaluation of the barriers to the tourism related infrastructure: The approval processes and the development of the assessment are crucial to create an environment which is suitable for the investments related to a tourism related infrastructure. The sufficient and the flexible considerations are necessary in order to ensure the overall growth of the process (Pham et al., 2012). From this particular graph it is evident that the majority of the tourists belong to the United States, New Zealand and United Kingdom. So these particular segments can be targeted. It also needs to be understood that the segments need to be evaluated. From the graphs it can be understood that the contribution of the tourism industry to the revenues in Australia is considerable. In order to ensure the increase in the advent of tourists from every segment of the countries of the world, the tourism strategies need to be implemented properly by the tourism industry. The future prospects for the tourism industry include Tourism 2020 as also land use and the aviation planning. It also needs to be understood that the future policies will prove to be successful on the basis of proper planning and study of the trends in the past years (South Australian Tourism Commission, 2014). Expected tourists Demand decrease Demand increase Annual fixed costs 2018 660 585 160000 2019 720 700 2020 652 650 2021 700 800 2022 682 982 Conclusion: Based on all the reports which have been found, on all the studies and statistics available it can be said that the tourism industry is a promising sector for the growth of the business industry in the country. The business of the travel agency is extremely good for the overall advancement of the country in the economic sense. It needs to be understood that the strategies and policies adopted and the possible interventions that can be arranged for the tourists contribute to the overall growth of the industry. The target clients and their consideration is also a significant issue, Understanding the person specific demands based on the developments of the people and their preferences is important. As long as the needs of the market are understood and the needs of the tourists met, the tourism industry is bound to thrive and it will contribute to the overall advancement of the country. Thus from this particular report it can be concluded that the tourism industry is ever evolving and the changing needs require to be met in order to adjust with the times as also the changing requirements. The task has been done on the business venture for the Australian tourism industry. As per the study, the venture business creation leads to certain innovative and leadership skills that help in building the model while weighing the pros and cons. Also, as these skills are enhanced, there are issues that are faced in the group like coordination, comprehension and applicability. Due to the assignment, my analytical as well as reasoning skills have been developed. The group members have also helped in analysing the time allocation for the division of work and further conflicts that were generally due to the idea presented in the group. My knowledge as per various dimension have widened and helped me gain an insight in practical applicability of the situation. On the contrary, the impact of tourism industry due to business venture helped in understanding of various factors like insurance, bookings, as well as promotions that holds the key role in further enabling the cohort method in travel and tourism. It further emphasized in identifying the types of business that would be particularly applicable. Australian tourism is a roaring business that when analysed properly, a successful business can be set up targeting proper audience. On the whole, past trends in the scenario have helped us in gathering and presenting all aspects of business right from bookings to accommodation and further. The project is extremely informative and a learning experience. It helps understand the importance of planning before any assignment. I have gained an insight into how actually the tourism industry works. It helped me understand the importance of keeping a cool head and decide on my possibilities one at a time. The responsibility of a manager and the importance of his decisions on the industry became clear to me. The method of analysing any particular situation and deciding upon the existing factors in the said industry of tourism was brought to the fore. It also helped me become more knowledgeable about the interest of the tourists from different countries to come to Australia. It helped me understanding the uses of marketing. It showed me how I could cater to the needs of the people of different countries in order to increase the overall tourist count in Australia. Understanding the importance of deciding on a particular cohort in order to link the aspects of the industry was inherent in case of my decisions. The interests of people and their changing methodology of thinking and their corresponding choices helped me to devise deals and orders to appeal to them. All in all it was also a learning experience in the concepts of psychology as well. I understood that proper knowledge of human psychology and their preferences is a guiding factor while taking major business decisions. Thus this project helped me gain a complete insight about the planning process in any industry. The report has helped gain valuable insight about the existent tourism industry in Australia. The different aspects of the industry and their utility in increasing the overall tourist count of the country has become extremely clear throughout the course of the report. The selections of different categories of the business have been helpful in understanding the importance of the decisions. At the beginning, the selection of the nature of business from the several probable options was extremely crucial for me. Based on the provided knowledge as also the existent state of the tourism industry, choosing one nature of business among all possible options was a key factor in influencing the inflow of tourists in the country. Analysing before hand, how the chosen decision could score over all other decisions involving other options was helpful. The importance of arranging for packaged tours and formulating lucrative offers was also clearly understood by me. The factors analysed in determining the type of business in case of the nature of the business chosen was equally important. It was significant in case of understanding the importance of the nature and business going along together in order to facilitate the tourism business. Going through all the steps of implementation in case of the type of business was also significant. It proved beneficial in sense of providing a suitable way to understand the needs of the people and hence of the business in general. The overall project preparation and compilation helped me understand the market, the people and the needs of the tourists and finally provide a suitable policy to be implemented in order to help the tourism industry prosper. The business report in itself was extremely informative and a complete learning experience for me. It was so because, from the first it was necessary for me to form a complete picture in my head as to how I could formulate the process significantly. The step by step decision making in case of this business report was crucial and at the same time provided proper insight. It was necessary for me to understand the tourist industrys nature at first. It was important to understand the impact my decisions would have on the industry. Choosing a nature of business was not enough. It was to be ensured that it would prove as the best possible option in case of the business industry. Then there was the choice of the type of the business based on the needs of the tourists. It was important to ensure that the problems of connectivity, financial deals as well as the offers were solved. The criterion of funding for the people was also to be kept in mind before deciding on the business type. My decisions also would involve removing the impediments or the barriers to the tourism business. All in all the project was informative, educating and helped me understand the significance of my decisions to implement them for the chosen type of business in the tourism industry. In a sense I could vouch for an increase in the overall tourist count of Australia due to my chosen policies and decisions. References: Day, M., Walo, M., Weeks, P., Dredge, D., Benckendorff, P., Gross, M. J., Whitelaw, P. A. (2012). Analysis of Australian tourism, hospitality and events undergraduate education programs.Sydney: Office of Teaching and Learning. The value of WIL in tourism,257. Medlik, S. (2012).Dictionary of travel, tourism and hospitality. Routledge. Morrison, A. M. (2013).Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Morrison, C., Pickering, C. M. (2013). Perceptions of climate change impacts, adaptation and limits to adaption in the Australian Alps: the ski-tourism industry and key stakeholders.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(2), 173-191. Moyle, B. D., McLennan, C. L. J., Ruhanen, L., Weiler, B. (2014). Tracking the concept of sustainability in Australian tourism policy and planning documents.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(7), 1037-1051.Neirotti, L. D. (2012). and Adventure Tourism.Sport and adventure tourism, 1. Parsons, A. G., Schumacher, C. (2012). Advertising regulation and market drivers.European Journal of Marketing,46(11/12), 1539-1558. Peters, A., Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2012). De-marginalising tourism research: Indigenous Australians as tourists.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,19(1), 76-84. Pham, T. D., Bailey, G., Marshall, J., Spurr, R., Dwyer, L. (2013).The economic impact of the current mining boom on the Australian tourism industry. Canberra: Tourism Research Australia. Ruhanen, L. M., Mclennan, C. L. J., Moyle, B. D. (2013). Strategic issues in the Australian tourism industry: A 10-year analysis of national strategies and plans.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,18(3), 220-240. Ruhanen, L., Shakeela, A. (2013). Responding to climate change: Australian tourism industry perspectives on current challenges and future directions.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,18(1-2), 35-51. South Australian Tourism Commission. (2014).South Australian Tourism Plan 2020. South Australian Tourism Commission. Zeng, B., Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, 27-36. Zeppel, H., Beaumont, N. (2012). Climate change and tourism futures: Responses by Australian tourism agencies.Tourism and Hospitality Research,12(2), 73-88.

Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Example

Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Download and install Java Development Kit (JDK) Download and unzip Eclipse IDE go to http://www. eclipse. org/downloads/. Download either Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers or Eclipse IDE for Java Developers. Download and unzip Android SDK go to http://developer. android. com/index. html Select SDK tab, download SDK of your platform. Install ADT plug-in into Eclipse IDE 3. 4. Android Development Tools (ADT) is a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE that is designed to give you a powerful, integrated environment in which to build Android applications. ADT extends the capabilities of Eclipse to let you quickly set up new Android projects, create an application UI, add components based on the Android Framework API, debug your applications using the Android SDK tools, and even export signed (or unsigned) APKs in order to distribute your application. Developing in Eclipse with ADT is highly recommended and is the fastest way to get started. With the guided project setup it provides, as well as tools integration, custom XML editors, and debug output pane, ADT gives you an incredible boost in developing Android applications. . 1 Start Eclipse IDE. You might see Workspace Launcher/Select a workspace dialog box as shown below. For the Workspace field, either take the given directory or choose a different directory. The Workspace is the directory where Eclipse maintains its projects. Click OK. 4. 2 Add a Repository location (of the Android development tools) to the Eclipse IDE. A Repository is a where software is being maintained. For Na me field, enter Android Plugin (or whatever name of your choice). For the Location field, enter https://dl-ssl. oogle. com/android/eclipse/. Note: If you have trouble acquiring the plug-in, you can try using http in the URL, instead of https (https is preferred for security reasons). 4. 3 Download and install Android development tools (ADT plug-in) to Eclipse IDE. 5. Configure ADT plug-in with the location of Android SDK Once youve successfully downloaded ADT as described above, the next step is to modify your ADT preferences in Eclipse to point to the Android SDK directory: 5. 1 select Windows-gt;Preferences If the location of the Android SDK is not already set, browse to that location and click OK. 6. Install additional Android SDK components platform, add-ons, doc and samples 6. 1 (This is an optional step) Check the android-sdk- directory and observe that it has empty add-ons, empty platforms, and tools directories but it currently does not have docs and samples directories. Vi a Android SDK and AVD Manager, you can update your Android SDK. 6. 2 Run Android SDK and AVD Manager. 6. 3 Download and install available packages. We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The available packages include Documentations, Platforms, Samples, etc. You can selectively choose them. Notice that the packages list may vary from system to system. Install them all. Accept the licenses. Restart ADB. 7. Create Android Virtual Device (AVD) In this step, you are going to create a virtual device which will give options to the emulator to model an actual device. 7. 1 Select Windows-gt;Android SDK and AVD Manager. 7. 2 Click New in the Virtual Devices frame of the Android SDK and AVD Manager The options below are the minimal options to give so that the emulator works correctly. You may further refine them. Enter my_avd_2. 2 (or whatever name you want) as Name for the new device Choose Android 2. 2-update1-API Level 8 for the target. It is the system which will run on the emulator. Optionally enter a minimal size for the SD card – 128 Click on Create AVD The new virtual device has been created. 8. Configure the JRE to use in Eclipse Select Eclipse-gt;Preferences Click on Installed JRES inside Java Check JVM 1. 6. 0 Click OK Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Example Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Download and install Java Development Kit (JDK) Download and unzip Eclipse IDE go to http://www. eclipse. org/downloads/. Download either Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers or Eclipse IDE for Java Developers. Download and unzip Android SDK go to http://developer. android. com/index. html Select SDK tab, download SDK of your platform. Install ADT plug-in into Eclipse IDE 3. 4. Android Development Tools (ADT) is a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE that is designed to give you a powerful, integrated environment in which to build Android applications. ADT extends the capabilities of Eclipse to let you quickly set up new Android projects, create an application UI, add components based on the Android Framework API, debug your applications using the Android SDK tools, and even export signed (or unsigned) APKs in order to distribute your application. Developing in Eclipse with ADT is highly recommended and is the fastest way to get started. With the guided project setup it provides, as well as tools integration, custom XML editors, and debug output pane, ADT gives you an incredible boost in developing Android applications. . 1 Start Eclipse IDE. You might see Workspace Launcher/Select a workspace dialog box as shown below. For the Workspace field, either take the given directory or choose a different directory. The Workspace is the directory where Eclipse maintains its projects. Click OK. 4. 2 Add a Repository location (of the Android development tools) to the Eclipse IDE. A Repository is a where software is being maintained. For Na me field, enter Android Plugin (or whatever name of your choice). For the Location field, enter https://dl-ssl. oogle. com/android/eclipse/. Note: If you have trouble acquiring the plug-in, you can try using http in the URL, instead of https (https is preferred for security reasons). 4. 3 Download and install Android development tools (ADT plug-in) to Eclipse IDE. 5. Configure ADT plug-in with the location of Android SDK Once youve successfully downloaded ADT as described above, the next step is to modify your ADT preferences in Eclipse to point to the Android SDK directory: 5. 1 select Windows-gt;Preferences If the location of the Android SDK is not already set, browse to that location and click OK. 6. Install additional Android SDK components platform, add-ons, doc and samples 6. 1 (This is an optional step) Check the android-sdk- directory and observe that it has empty add-ons, empty platforms, and tools directories but it currently does not have docs and samples directories. Vi a Android SDK and AVD Manager, you can update your Android SDK. 6. 2 Run Android SDK and AVD Manager. 6. 3 Download and install available packages. We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The available packages include Documentations, Platforms, Samples, etc. You can selectively choose them. Notice that the packages list may vary from system to system. Install them all. Accept the licenses. Restart ADB. 7. Create Android Virtual Device (AVD) In this step, you are going to create a virtual device which will give options to the emulator to model an actual device. 7. 1 Select Windows-gt;Android SDK and AVD Manager. 7. 2 Click New in the Virtual Devices frame of the Android SDK and AVD Manager The options below are the minimal options to give so that the emulator works correctly. You may further refine them. Enter my_avd_2. 2 (or whatever name you want) as Name for the new device Choose Android 2. 2-update1-API Level 8 for the target. It is the system which will run on the emulator. Optionally enter a minimal size for the SD card – 128 Click on Create AVD The new virtual device has been created. 8. Configure the JRE to use in Eclipse Select Eclipse-gt;Preferences Click on Installed JRES inside Java Check JVM 1. 6. 0 Click OK

Grandfather Clauses and Their Impact on Voting Rights

Grandfather Clauses and Their Impact on Voting Rights Grandfather clauses were statutes that seven Southern states implemented in the 1890s and early 1900s to prevent African Americans from voting. The statutes allowed any person who had been granted the right to vote before 1867 to continue voting without needing to take literacy tests, own property, or pay poll taxes. The name â€Å"grandfather clause† comes from the fact that the statute also applied to the descendants of anyone who had been granted the right to vote before 1867. Since most African Americans were enslaved prior to the 1860s and did not have the right to vote, grandfather clauses prevented them from voting even after they had won their freedom from slavery. How the Grandfather Clause Disenfranchised Voters The 15th Amendment of the Constitution was ratified on February 3, 1870. This amendment stated that the â€Å"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.† In theory, this amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. However, black Americans had the right to vote in theory only. The Grandfather clause stripped them of their right to vote by requiring them to pay taxes, take literacy tests or constitutional quizzes, and overcome other barriers simply to cast a ballot. White Americans, on the other hand, could vote get around these requirements if they or their relatives had already had the right to vote prior to 1867- in other words, they were grandfathered in by the clause. Southern states such as Louisiana, the first to institute the statutes, enacted grandfather clauses even though they knew these statutes violated the U.S. Constitution, so they put a time limit on them in hopes that they could register white voters and disenfranchise black voters before the courts overturned the laws. Lawsuits can take years, and Southern lawmakers knew that most African Americans could not afford to file lawsuits related to grandfather clauses. Grandfather clauses weren’t just about racism. They were also about limiting the political power of African Americans, most of whom were loyal Republicans because of Abraham Lincoln. Most Southerners at the time were Democrats, later known as Dixiecrats, who had opposed Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. But grandfather clauses weren’t limited to Southern states and didn’t just target Black Americans. Northeast states like Massachusetts and Connecticut required voters to take literacy tests because they wanted to keep immigrants in the region from voting, since these newcomers tended to back Democrats during a time when the Northeast leaned Republican. Some of the South’s grandfather clauses may have even been based on a Massachusetts statute. The Supreme Court Weighs In: Guinn v. United States Thanks to the NAACP, the civil rights group established in 1909, Oklahomas grandfather clause faced a challenge in court. The organization urged a lawyer to fight the state’s grandfather clause, implemented in 1910. Oklahoma’s grandfather clause stated the following: â€Å"No person shall be registered as an elector of this state or be allowed to vote in any election held herein, unless he be able to read and write any section of the Constitution of the state of Oklahoma; but no person who was, on January 1, 1866, or any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under any form of government, or who at that time resided in some foreign nation, and no lineal descendant of such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote because of his inability to so read and write sections of such Constitution.† The clause gave white voters an unfair advantage, since the grandfathers of black voters had been enslaved prior to 1866 and were, thus, barred from voting. Moreover, enslaved African Americans were typically forbidden to read, and illiteracy remained a problem (both in the white and black communities) well after slavery was abolished. The U.S. Supreme Court decided unanimously in the 1915 case Guinn v. United States that grandfather clauses in Oklahoma and Maryland violated the constitutional rights of African Americans. That’s because the 15th Amendment declared that U.S. citizens should have equal voting rights. The Supreme Court’s ruling meant that grandfather clauses in states such as Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia were also overturned. Despite the high court’s finding that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional, Oklahoma and other states continued to pass laws that made it impossible for African Americans to vote. The Oklahoma Legislature, for example, responded to the Supreme Court ruling by passing a new law that automatically registered the voters who’d been on the rolls when the grandfather clause was in effect. Anyone else, on the other hand, had only between April 30 and May 11, 1916, to sign up to vote or they would lose their voting rights forever. That Oklahoma law remained in effect until 1939 when the Supreme Court overturned it in Lane v. Wilson, finding that it infringed on the rights of voters outlined in the Constitution. Still, black voters throughout the South faced huge barriers when they tried to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Even if African Americans managed to pass a literacy test, pay a poll tax, or complete other hurdles, they could be punished for voting in other ways. After slavery, large numbers of blacks in the South worked for white farm owners as tenant farmers or sharecroppers in exchange for a small cut of the profits from the crops grown. They also tended to live on the land they farmed, so voting as a sharecropper could mean not only losing one’s job but also being forced out of one’s home if the landowner opposed black suffrage. In addition to potentially losing their employment and housing if they voted, African Americans who engaged in this civic duty could find themselves targets of white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. These groups terrorized black communities with night rides during which they would burn crosses on lawns, set homes alight, or force their way into black households to intimidate, brutalize, or lynch their targets. But courageous blacks exercised their right to vote, even if meant losing everything, including their lives. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated many of the barriers that black voters in the South encountered, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. The act also led to the federal government overseeing voter registration. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is credited with finally making the 15th Amendment a reality. Sources â€Å"Along the Color Line: Political,†Ã‚  The Crisis, volume 1, n. 1, November 11, 1910.Brenc, Willie. The Grandfather Clause (1898-1915). BlackPast.org. Greenblatt, Alan. â€Å"The Racial History Of The ‘Grandfather Clause.’† NPR 22 October, 2013.Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. Basic Books, 2009. United States; Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George; Thomas, Kenneth R. The Constitution of the United States of America:  Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002. Government Printing Office, 2004.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychological Contract

Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychological Contract Outline and critically evaluate the concept of the ‘psychological contract’. Why is an understanding of the psychological contract considered to be important to the management of the contemporary employment relationship? The concept of psychological contract Introductions There are two kinds of contracts which are the formal, written economic contract as well as the euqally important, informal and unwritten psychological contract. It’s all about how people think they should be treated. Both involve rights, obligations and expectations on the part of employer and the employee. The key feature of the word ‘contracts’ is exchange in term of reward or the effort that employee puts in etc. For instance, the level of effort which employee puts in or employee’s perception can be affected by how they are being treated by the organization. A quite large research literature on the psychological contract has been produced in only a short time with the ke y players being, in the United States, Denise Rousseau (Rousseau, 1995, 2001), Schein (1980) etc. Although much of the interest in the psychological contract is recent, its roots go back a long time, it having originally been discussed by Argyris (1960). History The concept of a â€Å"psychological contract† was first coined by Argyris (1960); it refers to employer and employee expectations of the employment relationship as well as represents the mutual beliefs, perceptions and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. Expanding the concept of the contract was Schein (1980). According to Schien it may be defined as an†Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between every member of an organization and the various managers and others in that organization.† More recently Rousseau and her co- workers (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994) have suggested a more specific definition of the psychological contract. According to them, the psychological contract is characterised not only by expectations, but by promissory and reciprocal obligations. When these obligations are broken, they produce more emotional and extreme reactions than weaker expectations produce feelings of disappointment. Broken obligations lead to feelings of anger and reassessment of the individual’s relationships with the organization. Content The term psychology is derived from the Greek, meaning ‘mind, spirit or soul’ and contract is that the expectations concern non- tangible, psychological issues. There are significant elements of all definitions of the psychological contract include: 1.3.1 integration of beliefs, values, expectations and aspirations of employer and employee, the beliefs of implicit promises and obligations are included, the level to which these are perceived to be met or violated and the level of trust within the relationship. 1.3.2 All the expectations must not be made explicit. It could be the implici t deal between employers and employees. Fairness and good faith are involved. 1.3.3 An significant feacture of the concept is it can be repeatedly re-negotiated, changing with an individual’s, and an organisation’s, expectations, and in shifting economic and social contexts. Yet, a snapshot of one point in time was only provided thus capturing only one stage in this social process. 1.3.4 Because it is based on individual perceptions individuals in the same organisation or job may perceive different psychological contracts, which will, in turn, influence the ways in which they perceive organisational events for instance redundancies or developing or modifying a flexitime system.

The End of History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The End of History - Essay Example What we may be witnessing in not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.In the controversial 1989 essay titled "The End of History", Francis Fukuyama attempted to give Western capitalism's victory over communism a Hegelian interpretation. He argued that the end of history has eliminated all but one intellectual option for the future evolution of the planet. Liberal Democracy and the 'American way of life' were hailed as the only rational coherent system of values and practices; everything else that happened in the past was only leading up to this new Enlightenment and triumph of reason, in a teleological sense of inevitability. In a way, neither is the advent of man the end of evolution, nor is the widespread prevalence of liberal democracy that we witness in our day the "end" of history. Yet they represent effective points of resolution. If we were to assert that man is the pinnacle of natural evolution, it would be factually very incorrect as man modern man evolved barely 100-120 thousand years ago, and evolution takes place in a geological time scale spanning millions of years. Though it may be difficult for us to conceive any life form beyond human beings, evolution is simply a naturally phenomenon that cannot be stopped and has not stopped with humans. Humans may only be representing a transitional life form, or dolphins may evolve to be more intelligent that humans ever were, in a million years or so. We also would like to think American-type liberal democracy as being the pinnacle of evolution of political organisation of society, but we could be wrong. In the course of evolution, there occurred a decisive encounter between Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens for over ten thousand years, in which Homo sapiens sapiens finally emerged as the survivor to assert supremacy over the planet, about 28,000 years ago. Eerily echoing this epic evolutionary clash between the two rival human species, there raged a monumental battle in the twentieth century between communism and democracy during the years of the Cold War, in which the forces of democracy finally emerged victorious and asserted supremacy over the planet. However, there is nothing intrinsically final about both these phenomena. Man has of course no rival on the planet now, and liberal democracy too, even with all its defects and shortcomings, appears the sole viable alternative for the present and the future of human society. However, if we were to claim that man is the culmination and the end of natural evolution, we could be accused of brazen anthropocentrism. Similarly, if we were to claim that democracy is the culmination, and more than that, the end itself, of ideological evolution, we could perhaps be accused of "American-centrism". Yet the fact remains that, considered on a rational basis, emergence of man represents an evolution of consciousness that offers a satisfactory resolution to the six hundred million years of natural evolution, despite his war-like nature and other selfish, brutish tendencies. In this sense, enlightened liberal democracy too, notwithstanding its myriad inadequacies, offers a satisfactory resolution to the ten thousand years of evolution of human society. If Neanderthals took over the Cro-Magnon man (that is, us), of if Hitler won the Second World War, or if the Soviet Union somehow succeeded in annihilating the United States in the Cold War, would we have been at the end of history too Certainly, Neanderthals were very robust, they had already been flourishing for about two hundred thousand years when the Cro-Magnon man arrived on the ice age European scene and made his presence felt. There were also many times in the Second World War, where the German forces were on the ascendency, and in fact Hitler

Why is the subject of migration in this period c.300-1087 so Essay

Why is the subject of migration in this period c.300-1087 so controversial - Essay Example ontinued to be the common language of England (non-Danelaw) until after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when, under the influence of the Anglo-Norman language spoken by the Norman ruling class, it changed into Middle English roughly between 1150-1500. (Stenton, 54) But the central paradox of the Anglo- Saxon migration stays firm within the unavailability of substantial evidences. Till date there are considerable debates as to the extent of Anglo-Saxon migration from the fourth to the sixth centuries. This because we are unable to finds enough evidences regarding this migration and whatever is available proves to be unworthy as a sustainable source to prove within the academic consensus. As a result no single model of Anglo- Saxon migration can be taken into account academically. The initial interpretation of the Anglo- Saxon migration during the fourth to the sixth centuries suggested that the Anglo-Saxon tribes arrived in Britain in large numbers and settled down instantly. This process was instigated by mass genocide and effective displacement of the local communities of the ‘Britons’ (as depicted in Latin Texts) from the eastern and southern parts of the island. It is also believed that a minority of the Romano-British fled to Brittany and Galicia in northern Spain. Probably during the early sixth-century or late fifth century monk Gildas narrated the defeat of the British in the hand of the English and stated that this defeat was the result of a punishment from God in his writing De Excidio Britanniae. (Gildas, 77) A similar narrative appeared in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, written in the early eighth century, which drew heavily on Gildas. This era of cataclysm was focussed by later Anglo-Saxon and British (Welsh) documents on the basic differences between the English and the Welsh. But many historians doubt the story - believing many or most Britons survived - but evidence to back up their account has always been hard to find. This is